碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)按原料来源可分(fen)为(wei)(wei)聚(ju)丙烯腈(jing)基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)、沥青基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)、粘胶(jiao)基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)、酚醛基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)、气相生长(zhang)(zhang)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei);按性(xing)能可分(fen)为(wei)(wei)通(tong)(tong)用(yong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、高(gao)(gao)强(qiang)(qiang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、中(zhong)模(mo)(mo)高(gao)(gao)强(qiang)(qiang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、高(gao)(gao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei);按状态分(fen)为(wei)(wei)长(zhang)(zhang)丝(si)、短(duan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)短(duan)切纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei);按力学性(xing)能分(fen)为(wei)(wei)通(tong)(tong)用(yong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)高(gao)(gao)性(xing)能型(xing)(xing)(xing)。通(tong)(tong)用(yong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)强(qiang)(qiang)度为(wei)(wei)1000兆帕(pa)、模(mo)(mo)量(liang)(liang)为(wei)(wei)100G帕(pa)左右。高(gao)(gao)性(xing)能型(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)又分(fen)为(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)强(qiang)(qiang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(强(qiang)(qiang)度2000兆帕(pa)、模(mo)(mo)量(liang)(liang)250G帕(pa))和(he)(he)(he)高(gao)(gao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(模(mo)(mo)量(liang)(liang)300G帕(pa)以(yi)上)。强(qiang)(qiang)度大于(yu)(yu)4000兆帕(pa)的又称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)强(qiang)(qiang)型(xing)(xing)(xing);模(mo)(mo)量(liang)(liang)大于(yu)(yu)450G帕(pa)的称(cheng)为(wei)(wei)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)。随着(zhe)航(hang)天和(he)(he)(he)航(hang)空工业的发(fa)展，还出现了(le)高(gao)(gao)强(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)(gao)伸型(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)，其延伸率(lv)大于(yu)(yu)2%。用(yong)量(liang)(liang)最大的是聚(ju)丙烯腈(jing)PAN基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)。市场上90%以(yi)上碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)以(yi)PAN基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。由于(yu)(yu)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)神秘的面纱尚未完全揭开，人们还不能直(zhi)接用(yong)碳(tan)(tan)或石(shi)墨来制取，只(zhi)能采用(yong)一些含碳(tan)(tan)的有机纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(如尼龙丝(si)、腈(jing)纶(lun)丝(si)、人造丝(si)等)为(wei)(wei)原料，将有机纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)与(yu)塑料树脂结合在一起(qi)炭化制得碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)。
PAN基碳纤维
PAN基碳(tan)纤维(wei)的生产工艺主要(yao)包括原(yuan)丝(si)生产和原(yuan)丝(si)碳(tan)化(hua)两个(ge)过(guo)程:首先通过(guo)丙烯腈聚合和纺纱(sha)等一系列工艺加工成被(bei)称为"母体"的聚丙烯腈纤维(wei)或原(yuan)丝(si)， 将这些原(yuan)丝(si)放(fang)入氧(yang)化(hua)炉(lu)中(zhong)在(zai)200到300℃进行氧(yang)化(hua)，还要(yao)在(zai)碳(tan)化(hua)炉(lu)中(zhong)，在(zai)温(wen)度为1000到2000℃下进行碳(tan)化(hua)等工序制成碳(tan)纤维(wei)。
沥青基碳纤维
美国(guo)(guo)发(fa)明了纺织(zhi)沥(li)青基碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)含有基金属(shu)中间相(xiang)沥(li)青，原丝经稳定(ding)化和碳(tan)(tan)化后，碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)拉伸强度为3.5G帕，模量(liang)为252G帕;法国(guo)(guo)研(yan)(yan)制了耐(nai)热和高(gao)导电的(de)(de)(de)中间相(xiang)沥(li)青基碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei);波兰(lan)开(kai)发(fa)了新型金属(shu)涂覆(fu)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法，例如涂覆(fu)铜(tong)的(de)(de)(de)沥(li)青基碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)是用(yong)(yong)混合(he)法制成(cheng)，先(xian)用(yong)(yong)铜(tong)盐与各向同性(xing)煤沥(li)青混匀，进行离心纺丝，在空气(qi)中稳定(ding)化并在高(gao)温氢气(qi)中处理(li)，得到合(he)金铜(tong)的(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)。 世界沥(li)青基碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)生产能力(li)较(jiao)小(xiao)，国(guo)(guo)内(nei)沥(li)青基碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究和开(kai)发(fa)较(jiao)早(zao)，但在开(kai)发(fa)、生产及(ji)应用(yong)(yong)方(fang)面与国(guo)(guo)外相(xiang)比有较(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)差距(ju)。
碳纤维按产品规格的不同被划分为宇航级和工业级两类，亦称为小丝束和大丝束。通常把48K以上碳纤维称为大丝束碳纤维，包括360K和480K等。宇航级碳纤维初期以3K为主，逐渐发展为12K和24K，主要应用于国防军工和高技术，以及体育休闲用品，像飞机、导弹、火箭、卫星和钓鱼杆、球杆球拍等。工业级碳纤维应用于不同民用工业，包括:纺织、医药卫生、机电、土木建筑、交通运输和能源等。
