玻璃纤维的分类和组成
玻璃纤维的分类:
玻(bo)璃纤维(wei)(wei)按形态(tai)和长度,可(ke)分为(wei)连续纤维(wei)(wei)、定长纤维(wei)(wei)和玻(bo)璃棉;按玻(bo)璃成(cheng)分,可(ke)分为(wei)无(wu)碱(jian)(jian)、耐化学(xue)、高(gao)碱(jian)(jian)、中碱(jian)(jian)、高(gao)强(qiang)度、高(gao)弹性模量(liang)和抗碱(jian)(jian)玻(bo)璃纤维(wei)(wei)等。
生(sheng)产(chan)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)主要(yao)原料是(shi):石英砂、氧化(hua)铝和(he)叶(ye)蜡(la)石、石灰石、白(bai)云石、硼酸、纯碱、芒硝、萤石等。生(sheng)产(chan)方(fang)法大(da)致分两类:一类是(shi)将(jiang)熔融玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)制(zhi)成纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei);一类是(shi)将(jiang)熔融玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)先(xian)制(zhi)成直(zhi)(zhi)径(jing)20mm的(de)(de)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)球或(huo)棒,再以(yi)多种方(fang)式(shi)加热重熔后(hou)制(zhi)成直(zhi)(zhi)径(jing)为(wei)(wei) 3~80μm的(de)(de)甚细纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)。通过铂合金板(ban)以(yi)机械(xie)拉(la)丝方(fang)法拉(la)制(zhi)的(de)(de)无限(xian)长的(de)(de)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei),称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)连(lian)续(xu)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei),通称(cheng)(cheng)长纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)。通过辊筒或(huo)气(qi)流制(zhi)成的(de)(de)非连(lian)续(xu)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei),称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)定(ding)长玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei),通称(cheng)(cheng)短(duan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)。借离(li)心力或(huo)高速气(qi)流制(zhi)成的(de)(de)细、短(duan)、絮(xu)状纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei),称(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)(wei)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)棉。玻(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)经加工(gong),可制(zhi)成多种形(xing)态的(de)(de)制(zhi)品,如纱、无捻粗纱、短(duan)切原丝、布(bu)、带、毡(zhan)、板(ban)、管等。
玻璃纤维按组成、性质和用途,分为不同的级别。按标准级规定(见表),E级玻璃纤维使用最普遍,广泛用于电绝缘材料;S级为特殊纤维,虽然产量小,但很重要,因具有超强度,主要用于军事防御,如防弹箱等;C级比E级更具耐化学性,用于电池隔离板、化学滤毒器;A级为碱性玻璃纤维,用于生产增强材料。