碳纤维杆--碳素纤维的由来

     1880年美(mei)国(guo)爱迪生(sheng)首先(xian)将竹子纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)丝，作(zuo)为(wei)(wei)电灯(deng)泡内之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)发(fa)(fa)光(guang)灯(deng)丝，开(kai)启了(le)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)（Carbon Fiber，简称CF）之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)纪元。碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在结构材(cai)料，首先(xian)问世者，则(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)美(mei)国(guo)Union Carbide公(gong)(gong)司（U.C.C.）为(wei)(wei)代表(biao)，并于(yu)1959年 将嫘(lei)萦纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)原料，经(jing)过(guo)(guo)数千百度(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)温碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，得(de)到(dao)弹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)率约40GPa，强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)约为(wei)(wei)0.7GPa之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)；尔后(hou)(hou)(hou)，1965年该(gai)公(gong)(gong)司又用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)相同原料于(yu)3000℃高(gao)(gao)(gao)温下延伸，开(kai)发(fa)(fa)出(chu)丝状高(gao)(gao)(gao)弹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)率石墨化(hua)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)，弹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)率约500GPa，强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)约为(wei)(wei)2.8GPa。另外，于(yu)日(ri)本大(da)(da)阪(ban)工(gong)业(ye)(ye)技术试验所之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)进藤博士，则(ze)(ze)以(yi)(yi)Polyacrylonitrile（简称PAN）聚(ju)丙烯腈为(wei)(wei)原料，经(jing)过(guo)(guo)氧化(hua)与(yu)数千度(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，得(de)到(dao)弹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)率为(wei)(wei)160GPa，强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)为(wei)(wei)0.7GPa之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)。1962年日(ri)本碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)公(gong)(gong)司（Nippon Carbon Co.）则(ze)(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)PAN为(wei)(wei)原料，制得(de)低弹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)数（L.M.）之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)。东(dong)丽公(gong)(gong)司亦(yi)以(yi)(yi)PAN纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)原料，开(kai)发(fa)(fa)了(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)CF，弹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)率约为(wei)(wei)230GPa，强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)约为(wei)(wei)2.8GPa，并于(yu)1966年起有每月(yue)量(liang)(liang)产(chan)1吨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)规模；同时亦(yi)开(kai)发(fa)(fa)了(le)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)温度(du)(du)2000℃以(yi)(yi)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)弹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)率CF，弹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)率约400GPa，强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)约为(wei)(wei)2.0GPa。于(yu)1965年，群马大(da)(da)学大(da)(da)谷教(jiao)授，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)加热氯乙烯（Vinyl Chloride）得(de)到(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沥青（Pitch），经(jing)过(guo)(guo)熔融纺丝、不融化(hua)与(yu)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)处理(li)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，得(de)到(dao)普通级碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)；大(da)(da)谷教(jiao)授亦(yi)可利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)木质(zhi)素（Lignin）为(wei)(wei)原料制作(zuo)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)。碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)需求量(liang)(liang)虽逐渐(jian)扩大(da)(da)，但1991年以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)冷战结束后(hou)(hou)(hou)，军事(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)萎缩，复因泡沫经(jing)济与(yu)景(jing)气萧条，供需失(shi)去平衡，产(chan)业(ye)(ye)受(shou)到(dao)冲(chong)击。然而，美(mei)国(guo)波音公(gong)(gong)司新锐(rui)机(ji)型B777之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)产(chan)，加上土木、建筑、汽车(che)与(yu)复合材(cai)料之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扩大(da)(da)应(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)产(chan)业(ye)(ye)逐渐(jian)缓步(bu)成长中。