碳纤维按原料来源可分为聚丙烯腈基碳纤维、
1K碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)作的(de)(de)管沥(li)青基碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)、粘(zhan)胶(jiao)基碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)、酚醛(quan)基碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)、气相生长碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei);按(an)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)可分为(wei)(wei)通用型(xing)(xing)(xing)、高强(qiang)(qiang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、中模(mo)高强(qiang)(qiang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、高模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)超(chao)高模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei);按(an)状态分为(wei)(wei)长丝(si)(si)、短纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)短切纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei);按(an)力学性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)分为(wei)(wei)通用型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)高性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)。通用型(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)强(qiang)(qiang)度为(wei)(wei)1000兆(zhao)(zhao)帕(pa)(pa)、模(mo)量为(wei)(wei)100G帕(pa)(pa)左右。高性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)又分为(wei)(wei)高强(qiang)(qiang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(强(qiang)(qiang)度2000兆(zhao)(zhao)帕(pa)(pa)、模(mo)量250G帕(pa)(pa))和(he)(he)高模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(模(mo)量300G帕(pa)(pa)以上)。强(qiang)(qiang)度大(da)于4000兆(zhao)(zhao)帕(pa)(pa)的(de)(de)又称为(wei)(wei)超(chao)高强(qiang)(qiang)型(xing)(xing)(xing);模(mo)量大(da)于450G帕(pa)(pa)的(de)(de)称为(wei)(wei)超(chao)高模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)。随着航天和(he)(he)航空工(gong)业的(de)(de)发展(zhan)，还(hai)出现了高强(qiang)(qiang)高伸(shen)型(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)，其延伸(shen)率大(da)于2%。用量最大(da)的(de)(de)是(shi)聚丙烯腈PAN基碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)。市场上90%以上碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)以PAN基碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)为(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。由于碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)秘的(de)(de)面纱尚未完全揭(jie)开(kai)，人们(men)还(hai)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)直接(jie)用碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)或石墨来制(zhi)取，只能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)采用一(yi)些含碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)有机纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)(如尼(ni)龙丝(si)(si)、腈纶丝(si)(si)、人造丝(si)(si)等)为(wei)(wei)原(yuan)料，将有机纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)与塑料树脂(zhi)结(jie)合在一(yi)起炭化制(zhi)得碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)维(wei)(wei)(wei)。
PAN基碳纤维
PAN基碳(tan)(tan)纤维的生产工(gong)艺主要包括(kuo)原(yuan)丝(si)(si)生产和原(yuan)丝(si)(si)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)两个(ge)过程:首先通过丙(bing)烯腈聚合和纺纱等一系列工(gong)艺加(jia)工(gong)成被称为"母体"的聚丙(bing)烯腈纤维或原(yuan)丝(si)(si)， 将这些(xie)原(yuan)丝(si)(si)放入氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)炉(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)200到300℃进(jin)行(xing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)，还(hai)要在(zai)(zai)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)炉(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)温(wen)度为1000到2000℃下进(jin)行(xing)碳(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)等工(gong)序制成碳(tan)(tan)纤维。
沥青基碳纤维
美国发(fa)(fa)明了(le)纺织沥(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)含有(you)基(ji)金(jin)属中间相(xiang)沥(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)，原丝(si)经稳(wen)定(ding)化(hua)和碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)后，碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)拉伸强度为3.5G帕(pa)，模量(liang)为252G帕(pa);法(fa)国研制(zhi)了(le)耐热和高(gao)导电的(de)(de)中间相(xiang)沥(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)(wei);波兰开发(fa)(fa)了(le)新型金(jin)属涂覆碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)方法(fa)，例(li)如涂覆铜(tong)的(de)(de)沥(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)(wei)是用(yong)(yong)混合法(fa)制(zhi)成，先用(yong)(yong)铜(tong)盐与各向同性煤(mei)沥(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)混匀，进行离心纺丝(si)，在空气中稳(wen)定(ding)化(hua)并在高(gao)温氢(qing)气中处理，得(de)到合金(jin)铜(tong)的(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)(wei)。 世界沥(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)生(sheng)产能力较小，国内(nei)沥(li)(li)青(qing)(qing)(qing)基(ji)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)研究和开发(fa)(fa)较早，但在开发(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)产及应用(yong)(yong)方面与国外相(xiang)比有(you)较大的(de)(de)差距。
碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)按产品规(gui)格(ge)的不同(tong)被划分为(wei)宇航(hang)级和工业级两类，亦称(cheng)为(wei)小丝束和大丝束。通常把48K以(yi)上(shang)碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)称(cheng)为(wei)大丝束碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)，包括360K和480K等(deng)。宇航(hang)级碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)初期以(yi)3K为(wei)主(zhu)，逐渐发展(zhan)为(wei)12K和24K，主(zhu)要(yao)应(ying)用于国防军工和高技术，以(yi)及体育休闲用品，像飞机、导弹、火箭、卫星(xing)和钓鱼杆、球(qiu)杆球(qiu)拍等(deng)。工业级碳(tan)(tan)纤(xian)维(wei)应(ying)用于不同(tong)民(min)用工业，包括:纺织、医(yi)药(yao)卫生(sheng)、机电(dian)、土木建筑(zhu)、交通运输和能源(yuan)等(deng)。
